Piagets Cognitive Theory Children And Young People Essay Essay Example

Piagets Cognitive Theory Children And Young People Essay Essay Example Piagets Cognitive Theory Children And Young People Essay Essay Piagets Cognitive Theory Children And Young People Essay Essay B. The basic construct of Piaget s theory of cognitive development. As we know, the celebrated theory of cognitive development was found by Jean Piaget. He was born in 1896 ( Newkirk, 2009 ) . Newkirk besides mentioned that Piaget was a theoreticians and besides a life scientist. Besides, the writer reported that Piaget did detecting his ain kids and attracted to alterations that occured and developed in kids s head and the factors behind these alterations. In add-on, Gartrell ( 2011 ) besides stated that Piaget s method by oppugning the kids is called as clinical method. Children started to develop their apprehension through their surrounding based on four phases of cognitive development. As mentioned by Gartrell the phases are the sensorimotor phase, preoperational phase, concrete operational phase and in conclusion formal operations phase. The first phase is sensorimotor phase which starts when the babes were born until age of 2 old ages old while 2nd phase starts around the age of 2 to 7 old ages ( Santrock, 2011 ) . The writer besides claimed about the other phases, that are the 3rd phase, concrete operational phase which lasts from 7 until 11 or 12 old ages old and in conclusion traveling to the 4th phase is formal operations phase. Compared to the other three phases earlier which affecting babes and kids, this last phase is affecting with the adolescence and maturity. This is the highest phase in cognitive development because this is where a individual can do such logical thinking and hypothesis ( Santrock, 2011 ) for illustration, non merely concrete events but besides towards abstract events such as feelings or inferencing scientific experiments. Furthermore, Santrock ( 2011 ) proposed that there are two basic inclinations that will travel together with these four phases, which are organisation and adaptation. Ormrod ( 2011 ) stated that organisation is possibility of a individual to manage their procedure of thought. It is besides called as strategies which means the edifice block of intelligent behaviour. Following, adaptation is the procedure of an person to accommodate to the environment ( Ormrod, 2011 ) . In the same manner, Ormrod stated that there are two basic procedures in adaptation which are assimilation and adjustment. Harmonizing to Krause, Bochner and Duchesne, knowledge is the mental procedures involved in perceiving, go toing to, understanding and remembering information ( 2007, p43 ) . Piaget s theory of cognitive is underline into the consciousness of head and thought. As kids are developing, their manner of thought started to alter from clip to clip consequently to the four phases. Piaget was non truly interested into the cognition holding by the kids but he was more fascinated by the manner of kids think, observe their surrounding and how they express it into addresss ( Krause et al. , 2007 ) . The writers excessively found that Piaget and his theory are of import because he is the first theoreticians that came out with such theory about development of kids from the facet of cognitive and his thought is still be utilizing untill now even though it has been old ages. c. Discuss how the Piaget s theory apply to child development. Self development is really of import in kids s life because it develop in them while they are turning up. In Piaget s theory of cognitive development, he focused of four phases of kids development that are, sensorimotor phase as the first, secondly is preoperational phase, following concrete operational phase and last but non least formal operations phase. As explained earlier, sensorimotor phase is occured from the birth untill the age of 2 old ages. Harmonizing to Krause et al. , ( 2007 ) , babies in this phase will get down to develope their physiological reactions by making some motor activities and senses. They are seeking to understand the universe around them. For illustration, babies will demo happy look or express joying when we are badgering and snuggling with them, this shows that babies started to do sense things around them but with limited abilities because it is merely based on what they get through their senses. In sensorimotor, there are sub-stages that divided into 6 classs, that are physiological reactions, primary round reactions, secondary round reactions, coordination of reactions, third round reactions and early representional idea ( Brenda, 2010 ) . The first sub-stage is physiological reactions, harmonizing to Brenda ( 2010 ) this sub-stage is occured from the birth of the babies until 1 month old. During this phase, babies understand their surrounding by utilizing simple physiological reactions for illustration they will get downing to smile. Next, primary round reactions sub-stage is when the babies are 1 to 4 months. Assortment of actions will be perform. For case, babies are sucking his or her pollex, and as a consequence they will reiterate the same actions because it pleasure them. As it goes on, 3rd sub-stage is secondary round reactions which occured during 4 to 8 months. Brenda ( 2010 ) mentioned in this sub-stage, the babies will be making the same actions but it extends out to the environment such as replacing sucking their pollexs with gum elastic playthings. In other words the babies are holding betterment in their reactions. Furthermore, in 4th sub-stage which is coordination of reactions from the age of 8 to 12 months. They will get down to demo clear actions and observe others behavior other than get downing to develop ability in acknowledging the things that had been show n to them. As illustration, alternatively of sucking pollex, babies will replace it with their playthings. They may squash their gum elastic playthings, when it goes mooo mooo , they will acquire aroused and squash it once more. Krause et al. , ( 2007 ) proposed that the babies besides will understand that their playthings are exist even though they can non be seen or touch it or called it as object permanance . For illustration, a doll at first was played by baby, when we put and conceal it under cover the baby will be able to look for it. Babies who do non make this sub-stage will non be able to look for it, but they will merely non recognize it. As the babies are turning up to go yearlings, the sub-stages besides traveling to the following, third layman reactions where occured during yearling age 12 to 18 months. This is the clip where yearlings will larn the construct of trial-error experiments with the intent of acquiring attending ( Brenda, 2010 ) . Specifically, one of th e activity might be making by yearlings is hitting fork and spoon on the dining tabular array, merely to cognize what will go on, what sound will come out, and what are the reactions they will acquire from others. Krause et Al. called this procedure as goal-directed or knowing action ( 2007, p46 ) . Last but non least sub-stage is early representional talk, from the yearlings at age of 18 until 24 months old ( Krause et al. , 2007 ) . Based on the writers, this last sub-stage is where we can see the yearlings start to copy others. During this phase, people around them need to be careful and merely if possible demoing them the good side particularly their parents. This is because since parents are the closest people in yearlings life, they will detect what their parents are making. For illustration, if the female parents normally brushing the house at the forenoon, the yearlings will detect it and will make the same action of brushing the house even though it is without the broom. A s I experienced this excessively, during my visits to my aunty s place, she has a 19 months old yearlings. I realized that her child support following my manner of reading magazines and imbibing java from my mug. Even though the objects are non with the babe, but she followed my actions. In my sentiment, parents need to acquire close with yearling to assist their growing and seek to play game with them such as peek-a-boo game because this will assist the kids to strenghten their object-permanance ability and traveling to the following phases as Piaget had observed. The 2nd phase that apply to child development is preoperational phase, which occured within the age of 2 to 7 old ages old. Newkirk ( 2009 ) proposed that kids in this phase will develop from several facets. They will be more capable in the use of linguistic communication accomplishments for case they can explicate the objects by replacing it with images or words. But they still non be able to talk like grownup, they can at least utilize one or two-words sentences to delivered messages. Harmonizing to Newkirk, imaginativeness degree of kids in this phase will normally increase and they are more funny to all things alternatively of being logical. Unlikely the first phase, in this 2nd phase kids will pass more of their clip by seting function while they are playing. For case, kids ever pretend a box is a house for them to shelter. Even myself experienced that during my childhood. I built my alleged home by utilizing boxes and I create my ain family members utilizing my dolls to remai n in that house, I even pretend cooked repasts for my family . This prove that kids s imaginativeness during this phase is really high but they still need supervising from parents in instance they are exposed to unappropriate elements. Krause et Al. ( 2007 ) noted that there are three chief features of preoperational phase which are egoism, centration and animism. The writer define egoist as the individual who is unable to portion another individual s thought or position because the individual considered that all position are the same with he or she. Piaget s had done with the Three Mountain Tasks theoretical account experiments, and as the consequence the kids expects that the individual on other side of the theoretical account is seeing the same position as them ( Krause et al. , 2007 ) . Following is centration, the writers described the significance as the kids focus on one characteristic of jobs while disregarding other characteristics. For illustration, kids will non understa nd if we tell them Your sister is my girl because their ability is limited. Traveling on, the last characteristic is animism. In this characteristic, the writers claimed that kids belief that all things have lives. They considered inanimate objects have emotions and feelings like them. For illustration, a miss who age 3 old ages old ever talk with her teddy bear as the teddy bear is alive and answers her. Piaget s 3rd phase in kid development is concrete operational phase which is from the age of 7 to 11 old ages ( Santrock, 2011 ) . During this phase, kids are able to logically believe about the concrete events and get downing to extinguish their egoism which means they started to larn to see other s position excessively. Even though they are acquiring capable in the use of logic but they still holding the trouble in understanding the conjectural constructs ( Krause et al. , 2007 ) . The writers besides claimed that there are several procedures in this phase that involve in kid development, that are reversibility where the kids have the ability to believe about the rearward event such as in mathematical resolution jobs where they need to add and deduct and add it back, secondly is seriation which menas the ability to mentally set things in order harmonizing to its characteristics for illustration size, weight, and tallness. Next is compensation, where the kids have the ability see th at something is increase because of something is decrease such as the tallness is increasing because of the breadth s decreasing and frailty versa. Besides, the 4th is classficiation which means the ability that kids have to call and place the sets or group of the objects by its characteristics such as size, colorss and visual aspect. Class inclusion is the 5th procedures mentioned by the writers which bring the significance of ability to understand that a little sum of groups can be combine to organize a big group as Krause et Al. called it as multiple categorization ( 2007, p53 ) . For illustration a auto can be include into it s trade name name such as Proton or under big group of vehicles. Last but non least the procedures found by Krause et Al. ( 2007 ) is preservation, whereby kids at last know that measures, or lenghts are non related at all to the agreement or visual aspect of the things. For illustration, a kid is presented with two same sized of bowls filled with flour, b ut when one of the full bowl flour is pour into jar with different sized he and she or he will still cognize that the measure of the flour is the same either it is in bowl or jar. Last, the 4th phases in Piagetian is formal operations which occur to 11 old ages old kids and beyond ( Santrock, 2011 ) . As we can see, this is the highest degree of kid development in Piaget s theory as it goes until our maturity. Santrock stated that in this stages people continue to develop ability of believing with presence of abstract construct. Logically, kids begin to take notes about the possibility of the effects of every events they experienced and besides started to believe in a formal manner. Besides, Krause et Al. ( 2007 ) suggested that kids in this phase are already cognize how to utilize deductive and inductive logical thinking. As the writer define deductive logical thinking as the potency of kids to utilize a general rule to find a specific result, on the other manus inductive logical thinking is utilizing and detecting specific result to include general rules. In this concluding phase besides kids will develop their job resolution activities. When come ining adol oscence, they are able to make systematic planning in their life and besides do a hypothesis, illation far better than phases before ( Brenda, 2010 ) . Overall, that are the four phases that involve in kid development until adolescence. d. Discuss how the Piaget s theory apply kids in preschool and early primary degrees. Preschool kids are fundamentally who are still develop their cognitive abilities in phase two, preoperational. As stated by Krause et Al. ( 2007 ) sing using Piaget s theory into preschoolchildren who are still in phase two, there will be at least two parties that involved in assisting to use this cognitive theory to kids foremost parents, secondly pedagogues or teachers.Moreover, by introduce to kids this construct means we are allowing them to be independent and research their universe by themselves. Preschool kids who are fundamentally age between 4 to 6 old ages are in preoperaional phase. As I explained in old sub-questions, kids in this phase has become more capable in obtaining linguistic communication accomplishments and utilizing it to stand for objects but still limited because they can non make the events where account demand to associate with concrete logic. First as parents, they must give freedom to their kids particularly preschool kids to play with their friends since kids in this phase will pass more of their clip with playing ( Krause et al. , 2007 ) . Nowadays, bulk of parents ever holding misconceptions, they think that they can non allow their kids play excessively much, in fact they should non excessively rigorous in commanding their kids. What parents should make is by allowing their kids play with their friends but do certain to supervising who are their friends. Logically, harmonizing to Krause et al. , by giving kids opportunity to play, they will research their universe while interacting with friends ( 2007 ) . Make a safe-mode topographic point for them to play so that they feels your attending towards them, during this procedure kids will meet some jobs. This is the right clip to allow them be independence by work outing their jobs but with supervising. Even though at first they might non truly capable in work outing it but it will be better as they go through this procedure and acquire cognition from what we called as hands-on experiences ( Krause et al. , 2007 ) . Besides, Ormrod suggested that parents should ever pass on with their kids particularly who are in this phase. This is because kids may experience left out if their parents are excessively busy and even do non hold clip to pass with them. In other manner, this besides a good chances to increas the degree of self-pride of the kids. On the other manus, instructors besides play an of import function in using preoperational phase towards preschool kids. Newkirk found out that since kids during this phase will normally be in egoism province, they do non recognize about other positions ( 2009 ) . So, as a instructor demand to cognize how to manage this state of affairs for illustration allowing the kids holding conversation with the equals in category will heighten their apprehension of others universe or instructors can make a inquiries and replies session with the preschool pupils. The intent of making that is because to increase the self regard of kids and to allow them hear others positions excessively so that their degree of egoism can be decrease. As an pedagogues, creactivity is needed to pull preschool kids in larning such as by utilizing ocular AIDSs to excite the kids s head ( Newkirk, 2009 ) . Examples of ocular AIDSs are like conveying props such as the existent fruits if instructors want to learn about type of fruits in category. After finished instruction, instructors can function the pupils with the fruits, and allow them hold the hands-on experience. The writer besides did mentioned that in order to develop preoperational phase between the kids, use things that are different for illustrations cue cards written words and inquire them to make sentences based on cards that they have or instructors can inquire the preschool pupils to work in a group. In add-on, interactions with equals will assist the preschool kids to better their cognitive development or it is called as disequilibrium ( Ormrod, 2011 ) . Why speaking with equals can assist the kids? This is because, logically the kids and equals are at the same age degree, so they can be more understanding between their group. How can we cognize if the kids are using preoperation phase in their cognitive development? Krause et Al. ( 2007 ) described that the development at each cognitive phases is called as mileposts. In this preoperational phase, Krause et Al. besides reported the kids s mileposts development is from the facet of thought and linguistic communication accomplishment whereby they know to replace objects with drawing, words or gestures. As for case, when kids are at shopping promenade, they are able to state their parents by indicating to the things that attract them such as playthings and dolls. Besides kids besides learnt to bring forth sound for illustration while they are playing with their soldier playthings, they can do sound like dush dush to bespeak the soldier playthings they are playing with are contending. In contrast, kids who do non develop good in this phase will no be able to distinguish between the life things and inanimate objects. For illustration, they are handling the ex istent cats and cat doll the same as both have feelings, emotions and cognize how to experience hungry whereas merely the living things can experience all that. In a nutshell, kids will make each phases when the preparedness come and they still need to be taught to steer to the right way. Krause et Al. ( 2007 ) did proposed that instructors and parents should non learn their kids the highest degree of phases if it is non the right clip by means the kids are merely non ready yet. e. Summary. In decision, I agreed with propose suggested by Ormrod ( 2011 ) , Piaget s theory have its ain benefits and disadvantegous. As Piaget s thought was the first to speak about cognitive development among kids, his thought is the celebrated one and still be used even until today. In my sentiment, Piaget s theory had changed people s position about kids development. Even though every bit reported by Newkirk ( 2009 ) , kids development are non ever traveling from each phase harmonizing to the age that Piaget s planned, but they still will traveling harmonizing to the phase either it is fast or tardily. Last but non least, execution of cognitive theory in kids development is really effectual as it will be really helpful towards the kids themselves as this theory aid to act upon kids in the facets of biological ripening, activities, societal experiences and equilibration.