The Environmental Justice Movement Is The Confluence Of...

Delegates of the National People of Color Environmental Leadership Summit once said that the â€Å"The environmental justice movement is the confluence of three of America’s greatest challenges: the struggle against racism and poverty; the effort to preserve and improve the environment; and the compelling need to shift social institutions from class division and environmental depletion to social unity and global sustainability.† (pg.1) â€Å"Environmental Justice is a grassroots movement that deals with environmental burdens and their distributional consequences† (Visgilio and Whitelaw, ix) Environmental justice emerged in the United States in the 1960’s during the civil rights movement. However, environmental justice didn’t become a national issue†¦show more content†¦I will discuss why communities in the United States, who have the least political power, fewer resources such as money, time and education and have little to no community awareness on ecological threats, are more than likely to experience arduous environmental and health problems. Additionally, I will explain that the main reason certain communities are not talking about these injustices is because they don’t know how much they are being affected by toxic air pollution or water contamination. How they don’t understand the neoliberal policies that encourage and allow companies to be located near their homes, schools and children. I will then go into a case study about Barrio Logan and the injustices the community has faced over the century. Through my case study, I will discuss how organizations like Barrio Logan College Institute (BLCI) are extremely important because they encourage families to become more involved with their community. Using BLCI’s coalition efforts, I will focus on ways in which activism, education and community involvement are important when fighting against environmental injustices in Barrio Logan. â€Å"In the United States, communities of color and low-income neighborhoods are historically the hardest hit by pollution from industrial factories and incinerators, the illegal dumping of chemical wastes on vacant lots, lead contamination in building materials, a lack of parklands and otherShow MoreRelatedWater as a Source of Future Conflict in Sa26984 Words   |  108 PagesWhich is resulting in the colonization of the water bodies under the perspective of the national security calling it ‘the military claim’? 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In recent years, this trend has been exacerbated by the pressure on equity research analysts to deliver investment banking business. When using a valuation done by a third party, the biases of the analyst(s) doing the valuation should be considered before decisions are made on its basis. For instance, a self-valuation done by a target firm in a takeover is likely to be positively biased. While this does not make the valuation worthless, it suggests that

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The Impact Of Water Pollution - 1487 Words

Water quality is a necessity to human life and all other species. According to Turk, J., Bensel, T. (2014) the Clean Water Act The primary federal law in the United States governing water pollution, whose purpose is to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation s waters (Turk, J., Bensel, T. 2014) According to Water Quality and Water-Related Disease â€Å"The global public health impact of water contamination is significant for many reasons: (1) safe drinking water is vital for human survival to prevent dehydration; (2) water is essential for basic hygiene and modern sanitation methods, including wastewater treatment; (3) water use is key to every sector of an industrialized, transitional, and†¦show more content†¦This analysis will test if any contamination exists in manufacture bottle water or tap water. The experiments that I conducted included the following materials, Dasani ® bottled water, Fiji ® bottled water, Jiffy Jui ce, Ammonia test strips, Chloride test strips 4 in 1 test strips, Phosphate test strips, Iron test strips, (3) 250 mL Beakers, (3) 100 mL Beakers, (1) 100 mL Graduated Cylinder, Permanent marker, Stopwatch, Parafilm ®, Pipettes, (3) Foil packets of reducing powder, *Tap. [Heading 2]1 My synopsis amongst three containers of waters Tap Water, Dasani ®, and Fiji ®, tap water has unknown chemicals due to pollutions and oil spills. Dasani and Fiji is a company based product should be purified from contamination. Dasani would probably have a small percentage of pollution due to the inexpensiveness cost, and Fiji would display no contamination as to the expensiveness cost of the product. I believe that the cost plays a significant part in companies product for purified bottled water. I hypothesize that once all the waters tested, the tap water will turn out to be the most contaminated out of Dasani ®, and Fiji ®, while the Dasani will have lowest levels of contaminants, in addition, Fiji will have no levels of contamination leaving it to be the cleanest. Tap Water, Dasani ®, and Fiji ® was dispenser individually into a 100-mL bottle. All three bottles were, personallyShow MoreRelatedWater Pollution And Its Impacts On Water Body1682 Words   |  7 Pages1.1 Back Ground Among all natural resource, water is one of the most important to sustain the living planet, earth and every form of life on its face, including human being. It is an integral part of human’s activities including domestic, agriculture, transport, industry, power generation and recreation. Moreover, the normal uses of human body depends entirely on adequate quantity and quality of water. But pure water does not exist by default in its quality due to natural interaction among the earth’sRead MoreThe Impact Of Freshwater On Water Pollution Essay1547 Words   |  7 PagesStorm Water Pollution 1. Introduction Freshwater is a valuable resource that is required for people to survive. Only 1% of the freshwater on the planet is available for human use (National Geographic, 2015). Therefore water is a precious resource however human actions such as farming and pollution are degrading freshwater sources. This report seeks to find out how Victoria University of Wellington (VUW) contributes to Storm Water pollution and other issues related to Storm Water. Firstly it willRead MoreImpact Of Agriculture On Water Pollution2243 Words   |  9 PagesThe journal article â€Å"Impact of Agriculture on Water Pollution in OECD Countries: Recent Trends and Future Prospects† shed light on the effect of agriculture on our natural water systems. 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This essay will discuss the environmental impacts that haveRead MoreSources Of Water Pollution And Environmental Impacts1911 Words   |  8 PagesSources of Water Pollution and Environmental Impacts For both countries there are various sources where pollutants found in water are derived. There are two types of water pollution, known as point source and nonpoint source. As defined by Chiras and Reganold, in Natural Resource Conservation: Management for a Sustainable Future, point source has an identifiable source, for example a sewage treatment plant or a factory, which contaminates either surface water or groundwater (283). Nonpoint sourceRead MoreGlobal Water Pollution: Causes, Impacts, and Solutions Essay530 Words   |  3 PagesWater pollution has become a huge problem in many countries all over the world. It is known that water is a very significant factor in life, but if this water becomes contaminated, it will be very dangerous for the humanity and wildlife. Pollution is defined as to make fetid or unclear and dirty (American College Dictionary). So, water pollution means the change in the water composition to be dirty or unclear. This essay will examine the causes of water pollution, the effect of that issue in lifeRead MoreThe Sources, Environmental Impact, and Control of Water Pollution838 Words   |  4 Pages Water pollution is one of the most serious environmental challenges. It occurs when water is contaminated by such substances as human and animal wastes, toxic chemicals, metals and oils. Pollution can affect rain, rivers, lakes, oceans and the water beneath the earth, called ground water. Polluted water may look clean or dirty, but it all contains bacteria, viruses, chemicals or other chemicals than can cause illness or even death. Impurities must be removed beforeRead MoreThe Impact Of River Macroinvertebrates On The Chemical Indices Of Water Quality And Pollution2716 Words   |  11 Pagesammonia or BOD in the water relate to the families of macroinvertebrates present. Different methods have been used to help collect and identify macroinvertebrates and monitor pollution levels. This review mainly focuses on the kick sampling technique for collecting macroinvertebrates. It then describes the methods that are used to collect the levels of ammonia, phosphorus, BOD and nitrogen. Foy et al (2001) wished to access the effectiveness of regulatory controls on farm pollution using chemical andRead MoreThe European Union Law Has A Big Impact On How The Uk Law Monitor Their Water Pollution1878 Words   |  8 PagesThe European Union law has had a big impact on how the UK law monitor their water pollution as there are now specific standards that have to be adhered to as the government are now monitored and measured. 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In Cold Blood Death Penalty - 1413 Words

In Cold Blood: Death Penalty Capital Punishment has been part of the criminal justice system since the earliest of times. The Babylonian Hammurabi Code(ca. 1700 B.C.) decreed death for crimes as minor as the fraudulent sale of beer(Flanders 3). Egyptians could be put to death for disclosing the location of sacred burial sites(Flanders 3). However, in recent times opponents have shown the death penalty to be racist, barbaric, and in violation with the United States Constitution as ...cruel and unusual punishment. In this country,although laws governing the application of the death penalty have undergone many changes since biblical times, the punishment endures , and controversy has never been greater. A prisoners death†¦show more content†¦Studies show that the chance for a death sentence is up to five to ten times greater in cases with white victims than black victims(Flanders 25). In the criminal justice system, the life of a white person is worth more than the life of a black person. The mentally retarded are victimized by the death penalty. Since 1989, when the Supreme Court upheld killing of the mentally retarded, at least four such executions have occurred. According to the Southern Center for Human Rights, at least 10 percent of death row inmates in the United States are mentally retarded(Long 79). Juveniles are subject to the death penalty. Since state execution of juveniles also became permissible in the decision cited above, at least five people who were juveniles when their crimes were committed have executed(Long 79). Innocent people can-and have been- executed. With the death penalty errors are irreversible. According to a 1987 study, 23 people who were innocent of the crimes for which they were convicted were executed between 1900 and 1985(Long 79). Until human judgement becomes infallible, this problem alone is reason enough to abolish the death penalty at the hands of the state more dedicated to vengeance than to truth and justice. Executions do not save money. There are those who cry that we, the taxpayers, shouldnt have to support condemned people for an entireShow MoreRelatedIn Cold Blood Death Penalty2766 Words   |  12 Pagesaccording to the law of the great state of Kansas. Using evidence that the criminals themselves have provided, I shall prove to you that these men deserve to get the death penalty as retribution for their sins. I suppose I should begin my argument by going over the specific laws regarding the death penalty in Kansas. The death penalty is given as punishment for capital murder with 8 aggravating circumstances. The defendants are guilty of several of these aggravating circumstances, and I will go throughRead MoreApproaching Death1369 Words   |  6 Pagesthat they are punishable by death. These crimes are called capital crimes and the gruesome punishment you go under is referred to as capital punishment. Some states have abolished capital punishment; many states still uphold this ancient practice. Thirty-two of the fifty states in the US still have capital punishment. With the death penalty such a controversial topic, there are bound to be pieces written on it. The books The Last Day of a Condemned Man and In Cold Blood, both narrators tell the taleRead MoreThe Last Day of a Condemned Man by Victor Hugo and In Cold Blood by Truman Caopte626 Words   |  3 Pagessurrounded by the death penalty is the humanity of it. Can we consider making someone wait for months, and even more realistically years, to be put to death? In the books The Last Day of a Condemned Man and In Cold Blood, both narrators tell the tale of impending death. While The Last Day of a Condemned Man is told in a first person view, In Cold Blood is told from a third person. Although from different views, each tells the trials and tribulations of approaching the death penalty. The Last DayRead MoreIn Cold Blood: Nature vs Nurture Essay885 Words   |  4 Pagesfamous non-fiction novel, In Cold Blood, there is evidence that supports the injustices of the trial: death penalty. The final outcome of the trail was never to be any different than death. â€Å"Of all the people in all the world, the Clutters were the least likely to be murdered† (Capote 85). We know the two men who killed the Clutter family, Perry Smith and Bill Hickock, preplanned the crime with malice and forethought. Although the actions were crul and grusome, does Death Row fit what they did if theirRead More The Death Penalty: Justifiable Essay977 Words   |  4 Pages The Death Penalty: Justifiable -Preface: Let it be noted now that this speech is very opinionated. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;I strongly believe that the Death Penalty is a form of punishment to be used when needed. Which opens up the question, when should it be used? That may be the breaking point in a lot of arguments, deciding when to use the death penalty is a very touchy subject. I believe that only murderers deserve the death penalty, but I do not believe that all murderersRead MoreTruman Capote Arguments On Capital Punishment811 Words   |  4 PagesCapote’s Novel, In Cold Blood, Capote synthesises the writing techniques of a reporter and an author to tell the horrific and true story of the Clutter family murders. Capote uses comparison, selection of detail, and understatement to pose his argument that capital punishment is not a correct practice. Upon murdering the Clutter family, Perry Smith and Richard â€Å"Dick† Hickock are housed in a jail as they await their trial, which would bestow upon each of them a charge of death by hanging. While inRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is The Most Appropriate Type Of Punishment843 Words   |  4 Pagespunishment that should be given to a convicted criminal. The name of this capital punishment is mostly referred to as, The Death Penalty, and it can be presented in different ways. This consists of being vitally shot at by a firing squad, poisoned in a gas chamber, given a lethal injection, and so on. Today in the United States, there are thirty one states that approve of the death penalty, while nineteen states believe it is unethical and have completely abolished it from its state (Robert Costa). ThisRead MoreAnalysis Of Truman Capote s Cold Blood1091 Words   |  5 Pagespunishment, one gets the death penalty while the other gets 15 years. To think that the outcome should be the s ame, however there are more than one factors that play into a person receiving the death penalty and they are not always considered fair. In Cold Blood by Truman Capote, displays a situation where Perry Smith commits a violent crime, and is charged with the death penalty instead of serving years in prison. Some might argue that his crime was vicious enough for him to receive death, but who gave themRead MoreJustice Delayed Is Justice Denied Essay1119 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"accidental† murder (involuntary manslaughter), I still believe in the death penalty for the most cruel and heinous crimes. For these type of crimes the wrongdoer deserves the worst punishment possible (deathpenaltycurriculum.org). The United States Sentencing Commission web site states â€Å"because death obviously is an aggravating factor, it necessarily would be inappropriate to impose a sentence at a level below that† (ussc.gov). The death penalty acts as a deterrent to future criminals and i t allows the stateRead MoreTruman Capote s Cold Blood1620 Words   |  7 Pagesin many fans-- In Cold Blood. The very formation of Capote s novels and short stories seems to be increasingly insufficient to the eccentric dynamics of the time era (nytimes). Agonizing, horrible, surfeited with disasters -- all used to describe the crime novel in which Truman Capote spent more than five years untangling and following the truth behind the killing of Herbert Clutter and his family. Capote has strong arguments in his novel that make him credible; In Cold Blood proves to be a superb

The Dungeon Is The Heart Of My Empire - 1938 Words

It’s past 4:00AM when Black drops her off. â€Å"You know why I brought you to the dungeon?† Carmello asks turning the Benz off. Mya shakes her head no. â€Å"The dungeon is the heart of my empire. It’s the hive and those workers you saw is my busy bees making the honey that goes on the streets. I needed you to see my operation in the raw. Remember, I said I was molding you?† â€Å"Yeah.† â€Å"I want you to be with me long term, but I gotta be able to trust you with everything, even my life if it comes down to it.† Black was staring straight into Mya’s eyes with a serious intensity she never saw before. She listened to every word carefully. â€Å"I got another two to three years on top of this drug game. I’m gonna take what I learned from my old head Manny, god rest his soul. Realest nigga I ever met. He schooled me to the game early, gave me my first pack when I was fourteen. He was Spanish, Colombian and flashy, always had h ad fly cars and jewels. I was in the street running wild. My pops was dead and my mom ain’t have no back bone so I had to step up and become the man of the house. Manny owned a chop shop. He taught me how to drive and let me park the cars, even had me making little deliveries for 200.00 or 300.00 here and there, he even got me my first piece of pussy; bad lil bitch named Maria. I still remember her.† Mya throws Black a jealous frown. â€Å"When I was sixteen he taught me how to cook potent product, a certain recipe and the ingredients are mapped out inShow MoreRelatedThe Dark Side Of The Snow Falls1634 Words   |  7 PagesWhile the snow falls behind the rusted bars, the King is laughing alone in the dungeon. His guffaws echo back by the moist cobblestone and bounce off to nothing but the warm body of the dead on the bloody wooden table. In contrast to the sticky red is a shiny crown and a bubbling matte bottle. As the cold breeze turns into a gale, the King picks up the bottle with sickly sweet poison and pours down into his throat. Once upon a time, there was a young man who could control temperatures of anythingRead MoreHeroes Of Heroes - Original Writing2279 Words   |  10 Pagesthrough decrepit tunnels, forks, and pitfalls. The area was as familiar as the carpals of his arms, like a maze clearly jotted down for the way out. His body was skinless, but he felt that sweat had started to flow down like river as his nonexistent heart loudly pounded. The empty sockets of his eyes glowed every so brightly, his emotions swirling in turmoil. He encountered numerous horrendous undead monsters along the way, but none of them intervened with his path. All of them ceremoniously kneltRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1822 Words   |  8 Pagessuch as castles, monasteries, abandoned spaceships, - or as in the case of Jekyll and Hyde -the underbelly of urban cities, gothic fiction looks inside the hidden, dark pockets of space within these locations. It is from these hidden spaces, the dungeons, the subterranean caverns, and the murky alleyways that the horrors emerge. The misdeeds of the past, previously overlooked or unnoticed come out of the shadow, the evil becomes unleashed, and the terror begins. In Jekyll and Hyde, the hidden spacesRead MoreEssay on Holocaust2345 Words   |  10 Pagesprison like facilities called concentration camps. These large camps were guarded my German SS officers who were told to kill any inmates they deemed necessary. The largest, and perhaps most well known concentration camp during the holocaust was located in north Poland in the small town of Zasole. There were actually two camps to be built here. The first was built right after Poland was annexed into the Axis Empire in 1939. This camp held only ten thousand people. It was named Auschwitz. Two yearsRead MoreThe Spirit Of Righteousness - Original Writing3852 Words   |  16 Pageswere captivated by the declaration of this holy war, were written according to the fervor within their hearts for God and the noble commission entrusted to them. Restoration of the land that was sanctified by the Incarnate God was the prime and, arguably, lone purpose for a man to leave behind his life and venture to the East with no guarantee of return. This was the nobility of heart that was called for, and answered by many as propitiation, during the First Crusade.2 As Jerusalem wasRead More Vlad The Impaler, The True Dracula Essay2679 Words   |  11 Pagesthe son of Vlad II or Dracul, a military governor, appointed by Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund. Vlad Dracul was also a knight in the Order of the Dragon, a secret fraternity created in 1387 by the Emperor, sworn to uphold Christianity and defend the empire against the Islamic Turks. Transylvania, along with Moldavia, and Wallachia, are now joined together as Romania. The name Dracul can be interpreted in two ways, the first translation from Romanian would be quot;Dragonquot;, but it sometimes alsoRead MoreThe Haunted Caves - Original Writing2631 Words   |  11 Pagesthing: revenge. It had lived eons ago, a fiery fuel of hatred keeping his fire going, while all of the others had burned out. Then a story flashed by his eyes. A journey, years of living off scraps. Then, relief, a discovery. A journey home. A great empire. A fire. All gone. Wraiths populating this land. Slowly fading. None left. All but one moved on. But still, he hunts for his old master. The one who inflicted the horrors of magic onto his village. The one who taught him. Will felt one thing: pityRead MoreThe Genre of Stokers Dracula Essay6296 Words   |  26 Pagesis essential to accomplish this atmosphere of danger and fear, and it will be examined whether Dracula contains any of these elements. There also appear certain features and fears connected to the Victorian era such as loss of the Empire; invasion from a foreign land; degeneration of the stock; the constant development of science and its influence on religion; the attitude of the Victorian society towards eroticism. It will be examined whether Stoker addresses those Read MoreTwilight Movie Script11442 Words   |  46 Pagesheat; I would miss my loving erratic hair brain mother and her new husband. (Edward eats deer) â€Å"Come on you guys I love you both but we have a plane to catch† Phil said. But they want to go on the road so I’m going to spend some time with my dad and this will be a good thing. . . I think. In the state of Washington under a near constant cover of clouds and rain there is a small town named forks, population three thousand one hundred and twenty people. This is where I’m moving. My dad is Charlie; he’sRead MoreMotivation Factors in Dark Tourism13274 Words   |  54 Pagesdiscussed. The functional part of this study includes designing and implementing a customer questionnaire for the House of Terror museum. The results of this research are presented in the end of this paper. I got to know the term dark tourism during my period in Budapest, Hungary. For Hungarians the time of communism is still in close memory – the step towards more democratic politics and free market economics was not taken until 1989 when the communist domination ended. The actions in Hungary reflected

Ku Klux Klans Effect on America free essay sample

The first Klan had first started around the year of 1860s. The first klan had lead up to the effects of the 1920s. The KKK had a tumultious start, and it had a major effect on America in the 1920s. The first klan began in Tennessee, by six Confederate Army Officers, in the winter of 1865. Ku klux Klan rose about four million and spread from the South into the Midwest region and Northern states and even into Canada. The name of the Ku Klux Klan is â€Å"derived from the Grrek word kyklos, meaning circle† (Wikimedia Foundation). ‘Klan was added for the purpose of alliteration† (â€Å"Ku Klux Klan†). The infamous burning-cross icon became a symbol of the KKK in the 1920’s, which was one of many tactics used for intimidation. Perhaps the most distinguishing characteristic of Klan members were the white robes they wore along with cone shaped hats that covered their faces. We will write a custom essay sample on Ku Klux Klans Effect on America or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These costumes accomplished their goal of making them look more outlandish and terrifying, and for the intimidation of their victims (Smith). The Klan was pretty selective in accepting members, only WASPs (White Anglo-Saxon Protestants) could become members. These members possessed the ideology of white supremacy to all other races and ethnic divisions, similar to the concept of Neo-Nazism, however they claim to have based their beliefs on Christian values and nativism. It is often thought that the KKK only hated African-Americans, but many other groups acquired hatred from the Klan, such as Jews, Catholics , homosexuals and various immigrant groups. Anti-Defamination League). Even though the stock started to gain their stocks and shares didnt stop the Great Depression from happening (Kelly). Many people wonder why any group of people would posses such a hatred Dubbs 3 for certain groups of people. While there is no legitimate justification, one factor contributing to their hate was the rapid economic progression in the North, and the stagnant economy of the South. This may have been what angered the white southerners so much that they put blame onto the black population, along with leftover racial disputes from the times of slavery (Trueman). People of today also wonder how society could permit such destruction of life, and also support it. Back then, the Klan had many sources of income including membership fees, funds acquired from various events and sales of Klan propaganda, as well as free will donations. â€Å"This income made the Klan’s many forms of media and strategy possible, such as mass mailings, pamphlets and public events and protests. They also did community service projects such as ‘adopt a highway’ programs to make themselves look good in the eyes of their communities† (Anti-Defamanation League). The members of the Ku Klux Klan did everything in their power to prevent the black community from exercising their newly acquired rights, which was often done during massive events. During a typical KKK event, they dressed in robes symbolizing their rank, then went on nighttime raids, during which they would whip and murder blacks and any of their supporters (â€Å"Ku Klux Klan†). These events, unfortunately, were extremely effective. This lack of a political presence is what allowed the Klan to exist for such a long period of time. KKK existed from the initial founding until around 1870, â€Å"when congress passed the KKK act which allowed authorities to end such activities by force and penalize anyone who affiliated with terrorist organizations† (â€Å"Ku Klux Klan†). At this time, blacks were the only targets of the KKK, for the most part.

How Did Life Really Begin Essay Example For Students

How Did Life Really Begin? Essay HOW DID LIFE REALLY BEGIN? INTRODUCTIONEvolution. Is it a fact or fiction? I thought that Evolution, was just a theory, but I was wrong. I believe that Darwin’s theory has had a great impact on the world today. It has caused many debates between religious authorities and those from the scientific community. This theory had prompted individuals to think about the Origin of the Universe, Earth, and how did life really begin. However, what distinguishes Charles Darwin from the others is the fact that he collected and provided substantial evidences and he related various branches of science such as geology, botany and biology, which helped, validate his theories. His theory of natural selection as stated by Nelson and Jurmain (1991, p.606) in the modern form is that the evolutionary factor causes changes in allele frequencies in populations due to differential net reproductive success of individuals. His grasp of the evolutionary process and the clarity of his work makes Charles Darwin the most popular figure in the scientific field of Evolution (Francoeur, 1965, p.34). The grandfather Erasmus Darwin (1731-1802) was a well renowned doctor, poet and philosopher who wrote many books concerning nature. He said that all different living things were produced over millions of years by one original ancient parent, such that each offspring had a natural tendency to improve itself (Karp, 1968, p.14). However, fossil records show that this theory of one original parent was not probable (Karp, 1968, p.14). His opposition toward any form of organized religion and his rejection of Christianity was considered to be superficial and eccentric (Chancellor, 1973, p.21). His tendency to theorize and create wild speculations without testing his theories caused his reputation as a scientist to suffer. Around the end of the eighteenth century all discussions of evolution were suppressed because of the rigid creationist views held by the Church who persecuted anyone who challenged their beliefs (Chancellor, 1973, p.41). It was not until the publication of Charles Darwins The Origin of Species that the discussion of evolution was revived. When non-biologists talk about biological evolution they often confuse two different aspects of the definition. On the one hand there is the question of whether or not modern organisms have evolved from older ancestral organisms or whether modern species are continuing to change over time. On the other hand there are questions about the mechanism of the observed changes how did evolution occur? Biologists consider the existence of biological evolution to be a fact. It can be demonstrated today and the historical evidence for its occurrence in the past is overwhelming. However, biologists readily admit that they are less certain of the exact mechanism of evolution; there are several theories of the mechanism of evolution. EVOLUTION AND FOSSIL RECORDIn the study of human evolution, two main methods of dating are used: Carbon-14 and potassium-argon dating. Carbon-14 dating involves the decay of radioactive C-14, which has a half-life of 5770 years. This makes this method useful for dating of recent fossils, with good accuracy, up to 50,000 years back. After 5770 years, half of the carbon-14 in a fossil decays to nitrogen-14. Since the ratio of carbon-12 to carbon-14 in a living organism remains the same as in the environment around them because the organism constantly eats and replenishes it, if it were to die, the ratio would change greatly after many years. It is the difference between this ratio now and the time is died that allows a date for it to be established. Potassium-argon dating, another dating method, is possible due to volcanic ash and rocks found near many fossil sites. Rocks and ash created in this manner contain potassium-40, but no argon. As time passes, the potassium-40 decays into argon-40. In the laboratory, the sample is reheated, and since argon-40 is a gas, it is released. The ratio of argon-40 released to potassium-40 still present allows for a date to be assigned to objects near the sample. However, due to potassiums high half-life (1.3 billion years), it is only useful as a dating technique for finds older than 500,000 years old. Also, it is only useful where volcanic activity existed. Both these methods have error margins, ranging from a few thousand years in carbon-14 dating to tens of thousands of years, or more, for potassium-argon dating. However, thanks to scientific breakthroughs, these two processes can be used with reasonable security in establishing a time for fossils. Breast cancer EssayArchaic Homo sapiens, which first appeared 500,000 years ago, are believed to be our most recent relatives. By this time, the keel that existed on their skulls is non-existent, and the supra-orbital torus (the brow ridge) has begun to recede. Cranial volume has been measured at an average of 1200 cm3. Fossil evidence shows a trend for their posterior teeth to have reduced in size, and the anterior teeth to have increased in size, from previous Homo species, while late archaic Homo sapiens finds show a general reduction in the size of both areas. The face and jaw areas also showed a reduction in size from previous species. It is at this point that Homo sapiens neanderthalensis enters the picture. Commonly known as Neanderthal Man, this species is believed by most scientists to have existed at the same time as late archaic Homo sapiens and early Homo sapiens, our own species. Many scientists theorize that either we killed them off, or interbred with them to produce modern humans. Their craneal volume is in fact higher than modern humans, at an average of 1450 cm3. Their bones were also thicker, which implies greater bulk in body. They also had larger nose cavities, a weak chin, and a protruding jaw area. Neanderthals would have been extraordinarily strong by modern standards, and their skeletons show that they endured brutally hard lives.(Foley, w. page) Neanderthal skeletons have been dated to between 30,000 and 230,000 years ago. Finally, our own species is encountered. Scientists have dated the earliest Homo sapiens fossils back 120,000 years. Our species showed an increase in skull capacity up to an average of 1350 cm3. The supra-orbital ridge is all but gone with modern humans, and other features seen in earlier Homos, such as the keel and the craneal ridges on the back are also gone. The cranium is more rounded, as opposed to the general pentagon shape seen in earlier hominids. Teeth size for modern humans shows a decrease in size from archaic Homo sapiens. Also, bone size shows a trend towards reduced robustness, with thinner bones and smaller jaws. From all the fossil evidence, a rough line can be drawn for human evolution, starting from A. afarensis and ending in H. sapiens. A clear progression of features, especially in the cranial region, can be seen. Features such as brain size are seen to have developed and increased from our earliest ancestors up until now, while other non-essential features, like a furry skin, a supra-orbital ridge, and large teeth, have diminished. This shows evolution of our species, from a more primitive creature, to our modern shape, which is highly adaptive, intelligent, and suited to any environment. In any meaningful sense evolution is a fact, but there are various theories concerning the mechanism of evolution. Is this how Life Really began? Did God created the perfect creature, a creature that evolves to suit its needs? Science